![]() People with cleft, lip and palate malformation tend to be less social and report lower self-esteem, anxiety and depression related to their facial malformation. The most common form is combined cleft lip and palate and it accounts for approximately 50% of the cases whereas isolated cleft lip concerns 20% of the patients. This list is by no means exhaustive.Ĭongenital Malocclusion Cleft lip and palate Ĭleft lip and palate is one of the most common occurring multi-factorial congenital disorder occurring in 1 in 500-1000 live births in several forms. The following list is a general outline of pathologies that can affect oral and maxillofacial region some are more common than others. A great many diseases involve the mouth, jaws and orofacial skin. Different disease processes affect different tissues within this region with various outcomes. Oral and maxillofacial pathology can involve many different types of tissues of the head. If any cells appear abnormal, a deeper biopsy will be performed. These cells are placed on a glass slide and stained with dye, so that they can be viewed under a microscope. Įxfoliative cytology: A suspected area is gently scraped to collect a sample of cells for examination. General anaesthesia is administered to eliminate any pain. If the tumour is deeper inside the mouth or throat, the biopsy may need to be performed in an operating room. If the abnormal region is easily accessed, the sample may be taken at your doctor's office. This method is useful in dealing with large lesions. Incisional biopsy: A small portion of the tissue is removed from an abnormal-looking area for examination. Large lesions which are more diffused and dispersed in nature or those which are seemed to be more clinically malignant are not conducive to total removal. This method is preferred, if the lesions are approximately 1 cm or less in diameter, clinically and seemingly benign and surgically accessible. Types of biopsies typically used for diagnosing oral and maxillofacial pathology are:Įxcisional biopsy: A small lesion is totally excised. Examples of the most common tissues examined by means of a biopsy include oral and sinus mucosa, bone, soft tissue, skin and lymph nodes. Some biopsies are carried out endoscopically, others under image guidance, for instance ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the radiology suite. In most cases, biopsies are carried out under local anaesthesia. A biopsy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a piece of tissue sample from the living organism for the purpose of microscopic examination. Biopsy Ī biopsy is indicated when the patient's clinical presentation, past history or imaging studies do not allow a definitive diagnosis. There are many types of investigations in diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases, including screening tests, imaging ( radiographs, CBCT, CT, MRI, ultrasound) and histopathology ( biopsy). ![]() Differential diagnosis allows for decisions on what further investigations are needed in each case. It is sometimes the case that a diagnosis and treatment regime are possible to determine from history and examination, however it is good practice to compile a list of differential diagnoses. ![]() ![]() ![]() This is followed by a thorough clinical investigation including extra-oral and intra-oral hard and soft tissues. The key to any diagnosis is thorough medical, dental, social and psychological history as well as assessing certain lifestyle risk factors that may be involved in disease processes. In this role there is some overlap between the expertise of head and neck pathologists and that of endocrine pathologists. ear, nose and throat) in addition to maxillofacial disorders. Sometimes the term head and neck pathology is used instead, which may indicate that the pathologist deals with otorhinolaryngologic disorders (i.e. It is sometimes considered to be a specialty of dentistry and pathology. The specialty oral and maxillofacial pathology is concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders. The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. Oral and maxillofacial pathology refers to the diseases of the mouth ("oral cavity" or "stoma"), jaws ("maxillae" or "gnath") and related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin (the skin around the mouth). Oral pathology, stomatognathic disease, dental disease, mouth disease Medical condition Oral and maxillofacial pathology ![]()
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